Archivists on the Issues is a forum for archivists to discuss the issues we are facing today. Today’s post comes from Burkely Hermann, Metadata Librarian for the National Security Archive and current I&A Blog Coordinator. There will be spoilers for each of the books, animated series, films, and other media he will be discussing.
Previously on this blog, Rachel Mattson examined whether police body camera footage is public record or is classified, arguing that it should be a public record. Other blogposts on this blog have examined whether the Senate Intelligence Committee Report on Torture is a Federal or Congressional Record, noted selective declassification by the French government, which declassified over 200,000 records about Vichy government’s collaboration with the Nazis but none about France’s occupation of Algeria, and noted the tendency of politicians to avoid documenting their activities and stonewall FOIA requests.
In January 2022, the Director of National Intelligence April Haines argued, in a letter to U.S. Senators Ron Wyden and Jerry Moran that there are “deficiencies” in the current declassification system, and notes the burden of mandatory declassification requirements while the amount of classified material expands. My colleague from National Security Archive, Lauren Harper, noted that Haines, many months later, said that overclassification is a national security threat. Some of these classified records are in the hands of the National Archives, otherwise known as the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), organized into Top Secret, Secret, and Confidential. Other records are deemed unclassified if they do not meet the existing requirements for classification.
Classification of records in the U.S. has often been outlined in presidential executive orders, beginning with President Truman in 1951. National security generally described as the primary reason for classification. Over the years, rules changed and the role of NARA increased. This has even resulted in a part of the agency dedicated to declassification, the National Declassification Center (NDC), which was established in 2009, in accordance with Executive Order 13526. This went beyond the agency’s representation on the Interagency Security Classification Appeals Panel (ISCAP), or the Information Security Oversight Office (ISOO), which oversees the security classification programs in “both Government and industry“, and reports to the President annually. The ISOO, role on ISCAP, and NDC, most recently, have given NARA an important position in the entire classified information management process. [1]
Unsurprisingly, NARA has been in the public focus, especially for storing presidential records from the Obama Administration, and afterward. Some politicians have claimed the agency is an “enemy” and have wanted to dismantle it because of NARA’s push to return classified records to the public, rather than having the records stored in shoddy locations or controlled by presidents as their personal property. [2] This makes reports, in past years, like in May 2012, that boxes of classified government records disappeared from Washington National Records Center all the more concerning, as it could be representative of a larger trend.
Currently, there are measures in place for declassification of government records, either enshrined in executive orders or provisions of the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). However, the FOIA system is currently flawed, especially with existence of various exemptions which can be used to redact documents or reject records requests. [3] There are similar issues with Mandatory Declassification Review (MDR) requests. As one government report put it, storage of classified materials is “widespread” across the U.S. government, with NARA storing records from all agencies at central facilities. Even so, some have argued that politicians have neglected the National Archives and failed to “control official secrecy”, belaying assumptions about government transparency, and resulting in the crisis which will make it harder for researchers to examine the “state’s inner workings”. Recent developments, such as a drop in the annual budget of NARA, attrition, and loss of institutional memory have resulted in the agency having one of the lowest levels of job satisfaction in the federal government. All the while, funding for declassification has decreased and backlogs for declassification have increased. [4]
NARA is not the only archives which handles and processes classified records. There are established procedures for classification of records held by the New South Wales Archives in Australia, British Public Record Office, Taiwanese government, Israeli Defense Force, State Archives of Poland, National Archives of Brazil, South African State Archives Service (later renamed National Archives and Records Service), National Archives of Korea, and National Archives of France. Even the archives of the United Nations has a classification level of Strictly Confidential, necessitating declassification requests, while archival materials over 20 years old are “generally open to the public for research”. [5]
As Electronic Records Archivist Amy Wickner argued, archivists have the “power to name and classify,” a power which has “material effects on the world“. This power can be used to make records more accessible or to make them harder to access. The latter is the case if access is only “granted or refused on an individual basis“. At times, more restrictions are imposed because of compliance with professional standards or data within in a record rather than the document itself. This includes including personal data. On the other hand, records which should be publicly available, like agreements between carceral facilities and FamilySearch for indexing of historical records, have a possibility of redaction, despite the lack of personal or sensitive information. [6]
Classified records have often been depicted in popular culture. For instance, there is an episode of The Crown about classified records showing Duke Edward VIII collaborating with Nazis. Such records are also major part of the Spy x Family series. The protagonist, Twilight (voiced by Takuya Eguchi), poses as a father named Loid Forger, with a wife and child. He is tasked with a secret mission to keep two countries from beginning a war. As a result, he is often passed information through a network of informants, spies, and others, or is given mission briefings by dedicated agents. The information he receives often includes classified records. Another pertinent example is the 13-episode anime, Gargantia on the Verdurous Planet. In one episode, “Deep Sea Secret”, the protagonist, Ledo (voiced by Kaito Ishikawa), demands declassification of the record. What he learns causes an epiphany. It results in him questioning what he thought about the world and his life’s purpose, causing a mental breakdown of sorts.
There are other examples, apart from the tongue-and-cheek U.S. Navy recording studio named “Classified Records” in The Simpsons, which included subliminal messages in their songs which encouraged people to join the Navy. For instance, classified archives of the CIA are shown in an episode of the TV series, Alias. Furthermore, classified, and restricted, records are a major part of the animated adventure series, She-Ra and the Princesses of Power, which has many archivy themes. In one episode, Mara, the previous She-Ra, learns that the Heart of Etheria project is classified, with Light Hope worrying about information being accidentally shared with Madame Razz. In many others, records are only accessible when specific words are spoken, or specific people are detected by computer systems. The same could be said about the records inside the data archives of the World Organization Of Human Protection which is shown in the Totally Spies! episode “The Yuck Factor”, or the “healing center” for Pearls known as The Reef, which is a structure used to create, repair, or modify Pearls, shown in the Steven Universe Future episode “Volleyball”. Both undoubtedly contain restricted or classified records.
In Star Wars Rebels and Star Wars: The Clone Wars, two animated series, there are records which can only be accessed through magic or other means. As such, they are classified, as a result. Accessing secret, and classified, records is a major plot point for live-action films such as Sneakers (1992), The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy (2005), and My Fellow Americans (1996). In other cases, like in Joker (2009), the records are even stolen. In the latter film, the records clerk is implied as an impediment to protagonist Arthur Fleck, as are the bureaucratic requirements which require a signature from Fleck’s mother, before he can take the file.
Samantha “Sam” Cross, a certified archivist who was part of the SAA Issues & Advocacy News Monitoring Team in 2018, has highlighted this on her blog, Pop Archives. She notes Carol Danvers (later becoming Captain Marvel) examining likely classified information in Captain Marvel and Loki trying to use his manipulation and charm in the Loki TV series to get classified files from a female character credited as an archivist. She also writes about a character in the Danganronpa game, Byakuya, who “read and study the classified information” in an archives-like room and states that many of the documents shown in Federal Bureau of Control, in the video game Control, are redacted, and classified. [7]
Other pop cultural critics in the library and information field note other examples. For instance, librarian Jennifer Snoek-Brown, known as the creator of the site Reel Librarians and real-life librarian at Tacoma Community College, noted classified records featured in Rollerball (1975), Soylent Green (1973), and likely ones in Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (2011). [8] Elsewhere on her blog, she pointed out similar themes in Mercury Rising (1998) and WarGames (1983).
The over twenty popular culture examples described in this post only scratch the surface. There are as undoubtedly many more films, comics, and series which featured classified or restricted records. The examples noted in this article do not always feature archives, however, as some creators confuse archives with libraries. To add insult to injury, archivists are often not present, resulting in the characters, who have no archival training, to go through the records themselves. Very few depictions in popular culture reflect the current reality of classified records within archives. Hopefully, this changes in the future.
Notes
[1] Čtvrtník, Mikuláš. “Classified records and the archives.” Archival Science 22 (2022): https://doi.org/10.1007/s10502-021-09370-3.
[2] O’Rourke, Ciara. “Claims about Obama Foundation keeping classified records in an abandoned warehouse are wrong.” Poynter, Oct. 7, 2022; “Barr suggests Trump ‘deceived’ the government over classified records.” NBC News, Sept. 2, 2022; Suebsaeng, Asawin and Adam Rawnsley. “Trump Tells His Lawyers: Get ‘My’ Top Secret Documents Back.” Rolling Stone, Aug. 23, 2022; Alemany, Jacqueline, Isaac Arnsdorf, and Josh Dawsey. “Inside Trump’s war on the National Archives.” Washington Post, Aug. 27, 2022; Legare, Robert. “Archives found 100+ documents with classified marking in first 15 Trump boxes.” Yahoo! News, CBS News. Aug. 23, 2022; Kochi, Sudiksha. “Fact check: Archives agency transferred 30 million unclassified Obama records to Chicago.” USA Today, Oct. 3, 2022; Derysh, Igor. “‘He has the right to remain silent’: Legal experts say Trump’s Truth Social post may be ‘evidence’.” Salon, Nov. 29, 2022; “Press Statements in Response to Media Queries About Presidential Records.” National Archives and Records Administration, Nov. 9, 2022; Reilly, Steve. “What the government’s former top classified records overseer sees in the Mar-a-Lago search.” Grid, Aug. 10, 2022; Wood, Jennifer. “Donald Trump Just Couldn’t Keep His Mouth Shut And Went Ahead And Confessed: ‘I Did’ Steal Classified Documents From The White House.” Uproxx, Nov. 29, 2022; “Fact Check-National Archives and Records Administration says they manage all of Obama’s Presidential records, contrary to claims online.” Reuters, Sept. 30, 2022. There have also been cases, like a lawsuit by the conservative legal group, Judicial Watch, against NARA, aiming to declassify Clinton Administration efforts, but their efforts were dismissed by the courts.
[3] “Freedom of Information Act flaws need fixing, experts say.” American Bar Association, Aug. 4, 2018; “The media’s problems with FOIA.” Reporter’s Committee for Freedom of the Press, Winter 2007; Goos, Christian. “Seeking Access to Classified Records: Requesting Mandatory Declassification Review (MDR) versus Freedom of Information Act (FOIA).” ISOO Overview, Oct. 1, 2021.Also of note are pages like the “Overview” webpage on the Records Management Directorate and Army Declassification Directorate, the NSA’s page on supposed declassification/transparency initiatives, and a press release about ZL Tech’s support of a “records management platform with DOD classified technology”.
[4] “Appendix V: Central Storage, Declassification and Destruction” in Classified Information: Costs of Protection are Integrated with Other Security Costs: Report to the Chairman, Information, Justice, Transportation, and Agriculture Subcommittee, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives (United States General Accounting Office, 1993), 26; Connelly, Matthew. “State Secrecy, Archival Negligence, and the End of History as We Know It.” Knight First Amendment Institute, Sept. 21, 2018. The latter article also says that state secrecy and state archiving began at the same time, around the establishment of NARA and into World War II.
[5] “Standard on the physical storage of State records.” New South Wales Archives in Australia, Feb. 2019; Wittner, Laurence. “What I Learned About Governments from Researching Classified Documents.” History News Network, Sept. 4, 2022; “The Management Regulations for Classified Archives.” Law & Regulations Database of the Republic of China (Taiwan), May 10, 2005; Peterson, Terrence. “The French Archives and the Coming Fight for Declassification.” War on the Rocks, Mar. 6, 2020; Makleff, Ron. “Sovereignty and Silence: The Creation of a Myth of Archival Destruction, Liège, 1408.” Archive Journal, Aug. 2017; “Public Reference Services.” United Nations Archives and Records Management Section, accessed Dec. 5, 2022; Franco, Shirley. “Transparência e opacidade do estado no Brasil: Usos e desusos da informação governamental.” The American Archivist 84, no. 1 (2021): 196; Sromek, Teresa. “Teoria i praktyka archiwistyki USA.” The American Archivist 83, no. 1 (2020): 177; Harris, Verne and Christopher Merrett. “Toward a Culture of Transparency: Public Rights of Access to Official Records in South Africa.” The American Archivist 57, no. 4 (1994): 681-2, 684, 688, 691; Lee, Kyong. “Political Democracy and Archival Development in the Management of Presidential Records in the Republic of Korea.” The American Archivist 69, no. 1 (2006): 119-120,129, 134-135, 137-138.
[6] Wickner, Amy. “Recognizing Co-Creators in Four Configurations: Critical Questions for Web Archiving.” Journal of Contemporary Archival Studies 8 (2019): 4; Geraci, Noah and Michelle Caswell. “Developing a Typology of Human Rights Records.” Journal of Contemporary Archival Studies 3 (2016): 18; Taylor, Claire, Lucia Brandi, Cecilia A. Acosta Sánchez, and Marcelo Díaz Vallejo, “Archives of Human Rights and Historical Memory: An Analysis of Archival Practices ‘From Below’ in Four NGOs in Colombia Archival Practices ‘From Below’ in Four NGOs in Colombia.” Journal of Contemporary Archival Studies 8 (2021): 11, 16; Rinn, Meghan R. “Review of The Future of Literary Archives.” Journal of Contemporary Archival Studies 7 (2020): 4; Szekely, Ivan. “Do Archives Have a Future in the Digital Age?” Journal of Contemporary Archival Studies 4 (2017): 4; Jansson, Jenny, Katrin Uba, Jaanus Karo, “Labor Gone Digital (DigiFacket)! Experiences from Creating a Web Archive for Swedish Trade UnionsArchive for Swedish Trade Unions.” Journal of Contemporary Archival Studies 7 (2020): 5; Windon, Katrina and Lydia M. Tang. “Archival discretion: a survey on the theory and practice of archival restrictions.” Journal of Contemporary Archival Studies 9 (2022): 8.
[7] Cross, Samantha. “Archives in the Movies: Captain Marvel.” Pop Archives, Aug. 20, 2021; Cross, Samantha. “Archives in Video Games: Danganronpa: Trigger Happy Havoc.” Pop Archives, Jan. 19, 2021; Cross, Samantha. “Archives on TV: Loki.” Pop Archives, Jun. 24, 2022; Cross, Samantha. “Archives in Video Games: Control.” Pop Archives, Aug. 20, 2021.
[8] Snoek-Brown, Jennifer. “A round-up of library, archives, and reel librarian scenes in MCU’s Phase Four TV series (so far).” Reel Librarians, Aug. 24, 2022; Snoek-Brown, Jennifer. “Reel librarians and archivists in 16 sci-fi films.” Reel Librarians, Mar. 11, 2020; Snoek-Brown, Jennifer. “Reel librarians in ‘Rollerball’ | Analyzing the 1975 original film and 2002 remake.” Reel Librarians, Feb. 1, 2017; Snoek-Brown, Jennifer. “Reader poll of runner-ups, Fall 2016: ‘Soylent Green’ and the Books.” Reel Librarians, Nov. 30, 2016; Snoek-Brown, Jennifer. “First impressions: ‘Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy’.” Reel Librarians, Jan. 23, 2012.
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